According to NHS England[1], about one in seven women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in their lifetime, most of whom will be over 50.
However, in a significant advancement in breast cancer research, a recent comprehensive study has shed new light on the potential role of physical activity in reducing the risk of developing breast cancer before menopause.
This study, funded by Breast Cancer Now and published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology[2], analysed data from 19 global studies, encompassing a cohort of 547,000 women who had not yet undergone menopause.
The findings present a compelling case for the incorporation of regular leisure-time physical activity as a key strategy in the proactive management of breast cancer risk.
The research was extensive, involving a follow-up period averaging 11.5 years, during which 10,231 of the women were diagnosed with breast cancer before reaching menopause.
The study's unique approach involved examining the levels of physical activity during leisure time, which included activities such as sports, cycling, and recreational walking.
One of the most striking findings was that women in the highest decile of physical activity had a 10% reduced risk of developing breast cancer compared to those in the lowest decile. This correlation held true even after adjusting for various other factors known to influence breast cancer risk, including body mass index, family history, smoking habits, and alcohol consumption.
The biological mechanisms through which physical activity may reduce breast cancer risk are multifaceted. Research in this area has suggested that exercise can modulate levels of sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone, which have been implicated in breast cancer risk.
Additionally, physical activity is known to reduce insulin levels and the presence of certain growth hormones, which could potentially foster breast cancer development. Another critical aspect is the role of exercise in decreasing overall inflammation in the body, a condition that has been associated with the progression of various cancers.
The implications of these findings are particularly relevant given the nature of breast cancer in younger women. Dr. Simon Vincent, director of research, support, and influencing at Breast Cancer Now, pointed out that breast cancer, though more common in older women, presents a significant challenge when it occurs in younger women, often being more aggressive and diagnosed at a later stage. This underscores the urgency of developing new preventative measures.
The study advocates for the importance of supporting women, especially younger women, in adopting healthier lifestyle habits. The benefits of regular physical activity go beyond the physical and extend into mental and emotional health realms, offering a holistic approach to wellness.
While the study highlights the potential benefits of physical activity, it's crucial to consider the practical challenges in implementing this as a widespread preventative measure. Socioeconomic factors, accessibility to safe spaces for exercise, and personal health conditions are some of the barriers that women might face.
There is also the consideration of how to effectively motivate and support sustained physical activity, especially in populations at higher risk due to genetic or environmental factors.
This groundbreaking study provides significant insights into the role of physical activity in reducing the risk of premenopausal breast cancer. It emphasises the need for more public health initiatives to promote regular physical activity among women, particularly those at an increased risk of breast cancer.
As research continues to unfold, it becomes increasingly clear that lifestyle choices, including physical activity, play a crucial role in the prevention and management of breast cancer.
1. What constitutes effective physical activity for breast cancer prevention?
Effective activities include any that raise the heart rate and induce moderate to vigorous exertion, such as brisk walking, running, cycling, swimming, and team sports.
2. How much physical activity is recommended?
While the study doesn't specify a minimum threshold, general guidelines suggest at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of high-intensity physical activity per week.
3. How long and how often should I perform these exercises?
The study suggests that performing four cycles of two-minute exercises over a period of two weeks can be beneficial. However, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional for personalised recommendations based on your health condition.
4. Can physical activity eliminate the risk of developing breast cancer?
Physical activity reduces but does not eliminate the risk. Breast cancer development is influenced by a combination of factors, including genetics, lifestyle choices, and environmental exposures.
5. Is it ever too late to start exercising for breast cancer prevention?
It's never too late to start. Benefits of physical activity can be gained at any age, although starting earlier in life may offer more prolonged benefits.
5. Should women with a family history of breast cancer prioritise physical activity?
Yes, women with a family history of breast cancer may particularly benefit from regular physical activity as part of a comprehensive risk reduction strategy.
This article is for general information only and is not intended to treat or diagnose medical conditions. If in doubt please check with your GP first.
Reference:
[1] NHS England Breast Cancer: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/breast-cancer/
[2] Journal of Clinical Oncology, 11 Dec 2023.
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